What Is The Legacy Of World War 1 - 926 Words

Some wounds never heal. Among the most festered is the legacy of World War I. It has left an indelible mark on my life. The other day I spotted the corner of an album tucked carefully under my mother’s wedding dress in the attic. In the album I saw a photograph of Father proudly smiling in his soldier’s uniform. There were photos of Father and I tightly hugging each other, grinning at one another, and Father playfully flinging me into the air. They were all frozen, nostalgic moments in time. Tears brimmed my eyes as I recalled memories of my Father. The strong yet kind, agile face with twinkling brown eyes and bushy eyebrows was no more. It all began when Father enlisted in the war to end all wars. Then the dark days began. We received†¦show more content†¦Grandfather insisted that Father’s selfless sacrifice had given our community a ray of hope, that our unity as a nation should not and cannot be destroyed by mob violence. Mother was not dissuaded by this tragic loss. Encouraged by the U.S. Secretary of Navy, Josephus Daniels’ quote â€Å"Is there any regulation which specifies that a Navy yeoman be a man?†, she soon enrolled in the Navy. But Grandmother found it difficult to appreciate the courage and independence of women who volunteered in the Navy. Grandmother, like many others, expected Mother to follow the social, traditional, customary norms of women. An ordinary woman’s place was in the home, school, and church. Mother traded the safe shelter of our comfortable home for the bustling, crowded living quarters with a lonely life. Strict discipline was mandated in the Navy. She served in Navy yards, naval districts, and shore stations. Her strong sense of patriotism, grit, and perseverance inspired her to dedicate her service for her country. Many women must be enjoying their new economic freedoms. When I grow up, hopefully women in my generation will have more rights and free doms. As Mother toiled and slogged to complete the assigned task in the Navy, our African American maid Martha’s son, Henry Johnson, a U.S. Army soldier, returned from the war, lookingShow MoreRelatedModern Day Society : The Legacies Of Historical Globalization1253 Words   |  6 PagesModern day society is built from legacies of historical globalization. It should be recognized that some legacies were not the most positive, and that every legacy of historical globalization affects us today. It has been heavily debated that to what extent should we dwell on the legacies of historical globalization. Some people believe that it is necessary to dwell on events of the past. Yet others say that it is the past, and our current society functions normally without it. While contemporaryRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy 1158 Words   |  5 PagesReflections on the Life, Assassination, and Legacy of John F. Kennedy written by Dean R. Owen is a series of reflections of people who knew and admired John F. Kennedy. Most people in the book discuss where they were the day of his assassination, their reaction, and how it affected everything and everyone around them. Others speak about what kind of leader Kennedy was, the legacy he left behind, and how when he died the country was never the same. Owen writes about people who once workedRead MoreShikhar Giri. Professor Sinclair. History-1302. 07 January,1580 Words   |  7 PagesShikhar Giri Professor Sinclair History-1302 07 January, 2017 Final Assignment 1. How and why did FDR and the New Deal fundamentally transform America? In your answer, consider the changes related to business, farmers, laborers, minorities, and politics. What were the limits of the New Deal? What was its legacy? The New Deal was a movement of undertakings, including, most noticeably, Government managed savings, that were built up in the Unified States in the region of 1933 and 1938, and a coupleRead MoreEssay on Supreme-Commander, Dwight David Ike Eisenhower1682 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you†¦ I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory† (General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander, Order of the Day, June 6, 1944, 2)! The quote above was a speech given to the soldiers from the Allied Supreme-Commander, Dwight David â€Å"Ike† Eisenhower, about the upcomingRead MoreEssay about Ronald Reagan, a True Hero770 Words   |  4 Pagesproved his love for country by serving in the U.S Army during World War II. Ronald Reagan also came through as a hero by fixing the American Economy that was heading for disaster just like today’s. If you can reflect on what he had accomplished throughout his administration you can clearly see why he was a popular two term president. When you read this passage you will find that Ronald Reagan took on many challenges that shaped his legacy, and why many people consider him a hero . A couple of theRead MoreCultural Attitudes Reflected In War. Vanissa Tsang. . Conflict1670 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Attitudes Reflected in War Vanissa Tsang Conflict is inevitable when rules have been dismissed or violated, or when something valuable has been stolen or damaged. The Israelites got involved with an internal war when Saul became jealous of David for being the Lord’s next chosen king; The Trojan War happened because Paris took Helen from Menelaus. Although war is a common form of conflict for the Israelites and Greeks, its objective differs by Israelites fight to gain God’s favor, or powerRead MoreKnights Templar : Facts And Causes Of The Crusades1078 Words   |  5 Pages1. Q: When, where, why and how did the crusades begin? A: The Crusades were a series of violent and deadly wars.The Crusades occurred between 1096 and 1291, in parts of Europe to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. The Crusades were a series of eight military and religious wars that were fought mainly over the control for the Holy Land. The Crusades were fought between the Christians and Muslims. The Crusades was one of the causes of the famous organization known as the Knight’s Templar beingRead MoreA Brief Note On The Punic Wars And Rome1713 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 14, 2015 Rome Midterm Essays Punic Wars The three Punic Wars were between ancient Carthage and Rome and took place over almost a century. The wars began in 264 B.C. and ended in 146 B.C. with the destruction of Carthage (History.com Staff). At the time the war broke out, Carthage was the world’s leading maritime power in the Mediterranean and Rome was the dominant power in the Italian Peninsula (History.com Staff). In the First Punic War, Rome defeated the Carthaginians at sea and SicilyRead MoreWoodrow Wilson Speech Outline1344 Words   |  6 Pageszeal to accomplish world peace, Woodrow did everything in his power, even if it involved extreme health risks, to achieve this colossal goal. With his collegial mind set and expertise in delivering speeches, Wilson was bound for a successful and prominent presidency. Thesis: a man s desires live on past there relevancy. With passion to reform and make the world a better place, ideas can spread and help towards the goal of reaching prosperity. Woodrow Wilson s passion to find world peace has plantedRead MoreUnderstanding The New Kingdom Of Egypt1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of the ancient New Kingdom of Egypt. An emphasis on scholarly views will focus on culture, agriculture, Nubian Pharaohs, religion, and war. Of particular interest is the manner in which this historical knowledge is repeatedly made relevant in today’s world. Culture Spanning approximately 1550 to 1070 BCE, the New Kingdom of Egypt represents a golden age, one which was almost the opposite of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt in terms of its accomplishments

The Representation Of The Monster - 1515 Words

Book vs. Movie From time to time popular literature has made it’s way to the bring screen every now and again. Once the mass appeal from the text surfaces, these film industry companies to take them into their own hands, which usually altering the integrity of the text. Once specific example that can be found interesting is the representation of the monster in Frankenstein. In this text the exploration of why director, James Whale, had altered the appearance of the monster not only in the visual aspect, but also the internal knowledge he obtained in the novel, but not in the movie. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitions of a monster is, â€Å"A person of repulsively unnatural character, or exhibiting such extreme cruelty or wickedness as to appear inhuman; a monstrous example of evil, a vice.† Throughout the course of the novel you read about a doctor who has spent all of his recent time trying to sow up different limbs all to one body in hop es that he can create this artificial human. Once the pieces are all assembled this creature comes alive, thus fulfilling the requirements to make this creature to be a monster. In the tale, the monster is described as, â€Å"His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a moreShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Monster1480 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrity of the text. Once specific example that can be found interesting is the representation of the monster in Frankenstein. In this text the exploration of why director, James Whale, had altered the appearance of the monster not only in the visual aspect, but also the internal knowledge he obtained in the novel, but not in the movie. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitions of a monster is, â€Å"A person of repulsively unnatural character, or exhibiting such extreme crueltyRead MoreThe True Monsters Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein961 Words   |  4 PagesThe True Monsters In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein creates a monster whose appearance brings ineffable terror and destruction into his life. However, the monster’s appearance and actions are not an accurate representation of the monster and are influenced by many outward factors that ultimately trace back to his creator. The monster’s grotesque outward appearance acts as a mirror as it reflects the true inward qualities of Victor as well as shows the flaws and abnormalitiesRead MoreThe Greek Heros Triumph Over Monsters1477 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognized for it. Every Greek myth with a hero in it has a monster or monsters that the hero must face at some point in the myth. â€Å"MONSTERS,†¦, were beings of unnatural proportions or parts, usually regarded with terror, as possessing immense strength and ferocity, which they employed for the injury and annoyance of men. [†¦]†(Bullfinch). The monsters in the Greek myths are antagonists to the heroes and represent evil. An example of a Greek myth monster is, â€Å"†¦ The Stymphalian Birds These monstrous birds hadRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Babadook 861 Words   |  4 Pagesaudience terrified without ever utilizing a single clichà © jump-scare. The audience is constantly in a state of dread and fear along with the protagonist. One of the final scenes in the movie shows the protagonist walking into her basement to feed the monster that she keeps down there. The scene is a unique ending that is not commonly seen in horror films. It revolves around implicit meaning an d the interesting point-of-view editing. Without the implicit meaning of the film and the point-of-view editingRead MoreComparison Between Frankenstein And Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand other representations; for example, a scene can be changed, the setting can be different, or an entire new story could be introduced. However, one major difference that tends to happen a lot is the adjustment of characters and their traits. This difference can be seen when comparing the creature in Mary Shelley’s original novel Frankenstein to multiple newer representations. The creature is portrayed differently in almost all illustrations; unfortunately, all modern representations of the creatureRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Beowulf and Grendel935 Words   |  4 Pagesof an evil monster, Grendel, who has been wreaking havoc and terrorizing the kingdom. Beowulf is glorified for his heroic deeds of ridding the land of a fiendish monster and halting its scourg e of evil while the monster is portrayed as a repugnant creature who deserves to die because of its evil actions. In the epic poem, Beowulf the authors portrays Grendel as a cold-hearted beast who thrives on the pain of others. Many have disagreed with such a simplistic and biased representation of Grendel andRead MoreSymbolism Of Beowulf716 Words   |  3 Pagesthe first monster Beowulf battles snatched up 30 men and it is to be said that beowulf has the strength of 30 men. Beowulf is an epic poem translated by Burton Raffel. In Beowulf there is three battles with three different monsters, Grendel, Grendels mother, and a dragon. The three battles have a symbolic meaning throughout the whole book. The three battles in the epic poem represent more than just two enemies fighting for victory, they are battles between the internal good and monster who embodyRead MoreIs Grendel Truley Evil? Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagessignifies one of the important messages in the text about hum anity. In Beowulf, Grendel is called a ‘monster’. However, if observed closely, analyzing the meaning behind the story, it is easy to see that Grendel is not a typical monster, in fact, it doesn’t seem like he is a monster at all. There is much evidence within the short period of the text where Grendel is present, which indicates he is not a true monster. In observing the relationship with his mother, his circumstances of his given situation, andRead MoreThe Inacurate Representation of the Cyclops Essay examples1421 Words   |  6 Pagesviewed as rugged human-like monsters with one eye in the middle of their head. Cyclopes are the least favorite of Greek mythological creatures; they are seen as brute, vile, and disgusting creatures with a thirst for blood. Even though Cyclopes are mythological creatures, they make us question our existence because they are so similar to us. They make us question whether we share an ancestral trait or if we will one day turn into them. Cyclopes are gigantic one-eye monsters that live a lawless lifeRead MoreThe Guilt Of The Death Of Others By Mary Shelley1307 Words   |  6 Pagesabsence of â€Å"mother† characters in Shelley’s novels reflects the death of her own mother. According to Kotze, â€Å"the monster is, in all respects, a motherless child, and to fulfil his desire for a mother, he is forced to find a substitute mother-figure. He accomplishes this by attributing the idealised characteristics of the Imaginary mother to a natural object, the moon† (Kotze 56). The monster, a main character in Frankenstein, is motherless much like many of Shelley’s other characters and of Shelley.

Guide For Oral Health Care Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

A tooth abscess is pus enclosed in the tissues of the jaw bone at the tip of an septic tooth. Normally the abscess originates from a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft mush of the tooth. Abscesses typically originate from dead mush tissue, normally caused by untreated tooth decay, cracked dentitions or extended periodontic disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Guide For Oral Health Care Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A failed root canal intervention may besides make a similar abscess. There are three types of dental abscess. A gingival abscess involves merely the gum tissue, without impacting either the tooth or the periodontic ligament. A periapical abscess starts in the dental mush. A periodontic abscess begins in the back uping bone and tissue constructions of the dentition. An abscessed tooth is really painful. The tooth and environing gums are infected, and a root canal or extraction is normally recommended. An abscess tooth may be light with simply a little infection, or it may be speed uping – occupying non merely the oral cavity, but the full organic structure. The first phase of an abscess begins on the external beds of the dentitions along the protective coating named enamel. Bacteria which of course occur inside the oral cavity Begin to strike at the enamel and might later weaken, and cleft in a little hole. There might be merely minor tenderness at this period. Sensitivity to hot and cold contents, along with tenderness whether the tooth is tapped may be frequent marks. 2. About Oral Chelation for High Blood Pressure The term chelation describes a procedure whereby substances named chelating agents bind to metals or toxins to enable the organic structure to safely egest them in the piss or fecal matters. While the scientific community by and large validates the usage of chelation for heavy metal detoxification, its usage in high blood pressure remains controversial. Oral chelation therapy cleans your arterias. It besides cleans the riddance piece of land and builds up your general opposition for longer life and a better ( healthful ) feeling. Chelation therapy can assist lower blood force per unit area. These include the decalcification ( decrease ) of plaque, decrease of free groups and lowering of blood cholesterin. Oral Chelation Therapy takes a few months the first clip. Oral chelation is besides effectual because chelating agents, such as EDTA, can go through through the tummy and enter the blood stream unaffected. Oral chelation interventions exist in the signifier of liquids, pills or capsules and by and large last for several hebdomads. 3. About Oral Surgery Oral Surgery is a accepted international specializer developing class in dental medicine. It is the forte of dental medicine that includes the diagnosing, surgical and related intervention of diseases, hurts and defects affecting both the functional and esthetic facets of the difficult and soft tissues of the caput, oral cavity, dentition, gums and jaws. A figure of conditions may necessitate unwritten surgery, including: Impacted Teeth Wisdom dentitions, sometimes emerge from the gum line and the jaw is non big plenty to let room for them. Often one or more of these 3rd grinders fails to emerge in proper alliance or fails to to the full emerge through the gum line and becomes entrapped or â€Å" impacted † between the lower jaw and the gum tissue. Tooth Loss Dental implants are an option for tooth loss due to an accident or infection or as an option to dental plates. The implants are tooth root replacements that are surgically anchored in topographic point in the lower jaw and act to stabilise the unreal dentition to which they are attached. Jaw-Related Problems Unequal jaw growing: In some persons, the upper and lower Jaw fails to turn decently. This can do trouble in speech production, eating, get downing, and take a breathing. While some of these jobs — like improper teeth alliance — can be corrected with braces and other orthodontic contraptions, more serious jobs require unwritten surgery to travel all or portion of the upper jaw, lower jaw, or both into a new place that is more balanced, functional, and healthy. Improve tantrum of dental plates: For first-time dental plate wearers, unwritten surgery can be done to rectify any abnormalities of the jaws prior to making the dental plates to guarantee a better tantrum. 4. About the Benefits of Bing a Dentist The demand of dentist profession is turning. The profession of being a tooth doctor has many good things that can be of import considerations for you. If you give good services to your patients, you will be able to acquire clients, so your concern in dental pattern will run good. Dentists have a certain sum of prestigiousness within their communities. It is besides an easy field for adult females and minorities to win in. On top of the pecuniary benefits and flexibleness of being your ain foreman ( You besides get to be after on your ain hours ) , there is a great trade of personal satisfaction that can be found in a calling in dental medicine. You get the personal satisfaction of seting a smiling on a individual ‘s face and cut downing their hurting. Most people get into callings so that they can acquire a steady income and with dental medicine, you are assured of acquiring a batch of money. With the occupation if you have practiced for many old ages you can acquire to detect how to cover with or forestall dentition complaints which would be a good add-on to the society. You besides acquire to be a instructor by giving people advice on the best ways to keep their dentitions and maintain them healthy. Making a positive alteration in the lives of people is one of the greatest benefits a dentist gets. 5. Activities for Teaching Children Oral Hygiene Teaching kids how to brush, floss and rinse their oral cavity in order to maintain their teeth clean and prevent pits is of import. Teaching good hygiene when kids are immature can forestall dental jobs down the route. Use merriment activities to do brushing, flossing and sing the tooth doctor appealing. Teaching Children to Brush Their Teeth Childs can be conditioned to brush their dentitions merely as they ‘re taught to rinse their custodies and face. Parents can pattern the behaviour by leting kids to come into the bathroom with them to brush their dentitions. Invent your ain memorable small vocal or chant to sing as you ‘re brushing your babe ‘s dentition, make certain the words define the country you ‘re scouring ; so that one time the vocal is memorized they remember to brush each surface. Brush the kid ‘s dentition before you brush your ain, and so let the kid to brush theirs while you ‘re brushing yours ; yearlings love to copy. Tooth Decay Activity Use a digital camera to take a image of each kid, smiling and demoing their glistening white dentitions. Print each kid ‘s exposure twice and hold them colourise the dentitions brown in one of the smilings. Use black and brown washable markers to imitate tooth decay and pits. Have them hang it in the bathroom or utilize it as a reminder to brush their dentitions more frequently. Painting Activity Using xanthous building paper cut out several big tooth forms. Show the forms to your kid and speak about how dentitions can go xanthous if you do non brush them or if you eat a batch of things that can harm your dentitions. Give your kid white pigment to utilize and state him to feign that it is toothpaste. Let him utilize the â€Å" toothpaste † and a paintbrush to do the teeth clean and white once more. Dramatic Play Gather all of the stuffs necessary to do a make-believe tooth doctor office. You will necessitate a chair, toothbrush, mirror, and anything else that can do the scene more realistic and merriment, such as a white shirt to have on as a tooth doctor ‘s coat. Lie back in the chair and allow your child make-believe to be a tooth doctor as he examines your oral cavity, pretends to brush your dentitions and Tells you if your dentitions are healthy. Acting out this scenario may assist your kid to understand the importance of traveling to the tooth doctor and do the existent visit more appealing. 6. Basic Hygiene Dental Instruments Several instruments should be used daily to clean dentitions and gums. Toothbrush A toothbrush removes nutrient and plaque left on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste Toothpaste is available in gels, pulverizations or pastes that aid take plaque on the dentition and gums. Toothpaste can incorporate agents that can whiten dentitions, strengthen gums, and abolish bad breath. Floss Floss is created utilizing thin strands of nylon or plastic. Floss removes nutrient that ‘s trapped between dentitions, every bit good as the little movie of bacteriums that covers dentitions. The American Dental Association recommends that people floss daily. Gargle Mouthwash contains H2O, intoxicant and cleansing agents as the primary ingredients. Mouthwash helps cut down plaque, mask and control bad olfactory property, whiten dentition, and minimise gingivitis. Your tooth doctor may rede you to utilize mouthwash day-to-day depending on your dental demands. 7. Brushing Your Dentitions Correctly: Dental Care A ; Oral Hygiene: How to†¦ You should brush your dentitions at least twice a twenty-four hours. A soft bristle toothbrush will clean without damaging the gums. Be careful non to be in an over-abundant manner. 2 proceedingss of proper brushing is good plenty. Clean the outer surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition Clean the interior surfaces of your upper dentition, so your lower dentition Clean the mastication surfaces For fresher breath, be certain to brush your lingua, excessively Tilt the coppice at a 45A ° angle against the gumline and expanse or turn over the coppice off from the gumline. Gently brush the exterior, indoors and masticating surface of each tooth utilizing short back-and-forth shots. Gently brush your lingua to take bacteriums and refresh your breath. 8. Causes of Very Dry Mouth: Oral Health There are several causes of dry oral cavity, besides called dry mouth. Peoples get dry oral cavity when the secretory organs in the oral cavity that make spits are non working decently. Because of this, there might non be plenty saliva to maintain your oral cavity moisture. There are several grounds why these secretory organs ( called salivary secretory organs ) might non work right. Side effects of certain medications- more than 400 medical specialties can do the salivary secretory organs to do less spit. Medicines for high blood force per unit area and depression frequently cause dry oral cavity Side consequence of certain diseases and infections. Dry oral cavity can be a side consequence of medical conditions, including Sjogren ‘s syndrome, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer ‘s disease, diabetes, anaemia, cystic fibrosis, arthritic arthritis, high blood pressure, Parkinson ‘s disease, shot, and epidemic parotitiss. Radiation therapy – the salivary secretory organs can be damaged if they are exposed to radiation during malignant neoplastic disease intervention Chemotherapy – drugs used to handle malignant neoplastic disease can do saliva thicker, doing the oral cavity to experience dry. Nerve harm – hurt to the caput or cervix can damage the nervousnesss that tell salivary secretory organs to do spit. Dehydration – Conditionss that lead to desiccation, such as febrility, inordinate perspiration, purging, diarrhoea, blood loss, and Burnss can do dry oral cavity. Surgical remotion of the salivary secretory organs. Lifestyle – Smoke or masticating baccy can impact saliva production and aggravate dry oral cavity. Continuously take a breathing with your oral cavity unfastened can besides lend to the job. How to cite Guide For Oral Health Care Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Data Mining Techniques for Customer Relationship †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Data Mining Techniques for Customer Relationship Management. Answer: Introduction In the contemporary world, the operational companies have a lookout and view point towards the use of effective tools and methods. The development of the performances in a functional manner leads to an increase of the competitiveness within the market. For increasing the sales, income and goodwill, these industries aim at augmenting the foundation or base of clients for getting hold of the required data from their potential clients for the accessibility towards the surrounding of the foundation of clientele (Zhao, 2015). It is in addition a most important prerequisite for the links to preserve an apt record or evidence relating to the files and data concerning their energetic customers for accomplishment at the time of requirement. Subsequently, it is renowned and well known that the usage of the software of information and appraisal means have fully fledged developed in the market for the separation of the data present in the marketplace. The development and progression of the Data mining is collection of data rational scheme that had a most important use in the preceding times for the supervising and comprehend any undependable exercises (Witten et al., 2016). The series of the data mining in marketplace has been very well-organized for examination and controlling the measures of safety of a state and for the most component in the branch and divisions of the segments of healthcare. On the previous state, the contemporary corporations have in modern times, initiated the request of this preparation for the basis that it has a diversity of revenues. It is of meaningful and vital weight age that the companies figures out responsibilities of data mining in an appropriate manner so that the equivalent can be exploited in a principled approach for the belief of putting together and mounting up of the data and records of the clients (Liao et al., 2012). Role of Data Mining It is apparently observed that the company operating in the compound manufacturing businesses organize reports of the industry with the aid of their aptitude and data, in this mode serving the organization at the top level to inaugurate actions that can raise and augment the companys performance (Berry Linoff, 2014). The equipment and tools of the data assessment are productive and beneficial in allowing for the most important presentation indicators that are precious for suitable accumulation of the important information of the customers. The modus operandi of the data mining is not hesitant with the assessment of the accounts and files of information other than the methods brings about with the accomplishing and the joining together of the evidence and consequently categorization the information that can be purposeful for the inspection of the active constitution for making certain that these structures propose the most outstanding end consequence. In the up to date state of dealings, it is experiential that human beings put into effect an assortment of online sources. In such cases, they have to give in a lot of of their fine points and facts (Linoff Berry, 2013). The classification and division of the records provide helping out of the commerce to create safety of the subtle information in an appropriate documentation and manage them from being disseminated to a variety of resources. The expansion of mining of data is geared up with the support of exploratory engineers having an immersive amount of information and expertise for the organization of the conclusion results. Up to that time, the practice of data mining was beneficial for the customers standing at the finishing levels. Nevertheless, in the past times, it is seen and observed that the businesses are using the tools of the data mining so that the examination and the subject matters can be suitably utilised and by this means bring into being an all-encompassing report (Rygielski, 2012). The system and procedure of the Data mining takes into consideration, the consortium and setting a part of the data from an extremely large pool of data and in the approach become alert about the trends and prototypes of the required information. The succession and the progression of the data mining channels are in a movement with the help of the ordinary association. As a result, the likelihood of any dishonourable behaviour is packed together. The growth and extension of the data mining with their classification purpose expands the information of the relations and in that manner looks up the performance of the enterprises in an enormous contract enhanced mode and in that mode attracting the advantage and dominance of services. In succession, this lends a hand to the contentment of the patrons they have a mental power of knowledge that their secrecy is undertaking continuation (Berson Smith, 2013). The capacity of the organization to sort out the paperwork according to their wishes and desires of the latest eagerness for the development of a well-ordered ascendancy with respect to the variation of the speediness modification, faith and the period of existence of the applicable set of data. The conclusions and the findings that have been assembled with the support of the equipments are ready to lend a hand for getting knowledge on the subject of the results at the conclusion that are observed by the regulation to attain and get hold of knowing as to whether the tools have an appropriateness on the way to the business goodwill and efficiency (Berkhin, 2016). A specific and accurate data mining technique or protocol is priceless for the magnification of the business and augments the client accomplishment in the path of the business and institutions. The data mining and investigation techniques pick up and elevate the magnitude of the department of an IT of a business. The probable and the likely documents available by the assured division are remarkably productive for a well-ordered practice of data mining and in this method, adds up to the implication of this division (Sharma Lijuan, 2014). Identification of the Implication of Ethics in storage of customer information Quite a lot of principled challenges subsist that have a noteworthy association with the congregation, defending and accumulating of the data of the clients with the documented records of the company. The firms get grip of the required data and file a collection of data that has association and connection with the clientele shaping a part of the central needs of a companys records. The righteous struggles have a connection to the facts and are observed by keeping in mind the three required indications that include the accountability of principled character that an alliance has in the course of the clientele, ethical tasks of workers to enterprises and the principled requirements of consumers to the industry. Additionally, it is to be perceived that the customers do not have a binding in giving out any subtle or confidential data against the wishes of the customers (Ratten, 2012). The workforce of the association have guaranteed righteous liabilities and accountabilities and the same is approved on by preventing and restraining one from browsing all the way through the accounts of the customers and detaining the sale of such data in the exterior marketplace. It is discussed and observed that the moral and the decent congregation and collection of the customers information and the enhanced awareness of the employees in discontinuing the information of the individuals to share, helps in the inspiration and motivation of the customers in distribution of the information i.e. unique. Accordingly, it is pragmatic and accredited that the main beliefs surrounds and unite up the modus operandi of the recording and getting hold of the information (Nunan Di Domenico, 2013). The compilation procedure of the collection of the data from the customers assist in disclosing of the group of commodities the customers are attaining and they effort to come across the prolonged existence of time and characteristics that has an alliance with their achievement and attainment procedures. The upright schemes on appropriate continuation by the organizations will lead to the certification of the clients that their confidentiality is undamaged and is safe and sound (Zissis Lekkas, 2012). As a result, the companys have to mount up data by numerous amounts of steps in this approach, perceiving about the requirements of the clientele and for that reason can make available requisite and prevalent services to the clientele in that manner. Conclusion The above study under conduct goes above into the mining procedure and the methods of data investigation having an introduction of various businesses towards development and enhancement of the actions and performances of the industry. The research takes steps towards talking about the job of the mining of data. It moreover gives explanation in relation to how data mining is significant and remarkable in alliance of the private and worldwide information of the customers and builds up the personal accounts and documents in a protected way. The same is done in the view that the data dwells only in the safe and correct hands. References Berkhin, P. (2016). A survey of clustering data mining techniques. InGrouping multidimensional data(pp. 25-71). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Berry, M. J., Linoff, G. (2014).Data mining techniques: for marketing, sales, and customer support. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Berson, A., Smith, S. J. (2013).Building data mining applications for CRM. McGraw-Hill, Inc.. Liao, S. H., Chu, P. H., Hsiao, P. Y. (2012). Data mining techniques and applicationsA decade review from 2000 to 2011.Expert systems with applications,39(12), 11303-11311. Linoff, G. S., Berry, M. J. (2013).Data mining techniques: for marketing, sales, and customer relationship management. John Wiley Sons. Nunan, D., Di Domenico, M. (2013). Market research the ethics of big data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), 505-520. Ratten, V. (2012). Entrepreneurial and ethical adoption behaviour of cloud computing.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,23(2), 155-164. Rygielski, C., Wang, J. C., Yen, D. C. (2012). Data mining techniques for customer relationship management.Technology in society,24(4), 483-502. Sharma, G., Lijuan, W. (2014). Ethical perspectives on e-commerce: an empirical investigation.Internet Research,24(4), 414-435. Witten, I. H., Frank, E., Hall, M. A., Pal, C. J. (2016).Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann. Zhao, Y. (2015). Data mining techniques. Zissis, D., Lekkas, D. (2012). Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), 583-592.

The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman A Hermaphrodite’ Essay Example

The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ Paper Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Assignment Part One The internet rumor picked is ‘Is Lady Gaga a Man? A Woman? A Hermaphrodite?’ Part Two www.about.com This website, from which the internet rumor was removed, is an online resource for varied information and stories. The website was created in 1996 with a minimum number of topics that were covered. These topics eventually increased in number, attracting advertisers and popularizing the site. This website is owned by the ‘New York Times Company’. Each topic on the website is written by a different experienced writer and these writers are paid for their work. These writers are sometimes referred to as guides and their sites contain their work and links to other websites with information related to their subjects. The guides provide forums where registered users can comment on their work and upload the information. The site also has urban legends and hoaxes about everything including celebrities. www.go.com Jeff Gold founded this website in 1995, which is currently under the Walt Disney Company. All content associated with Disney is displayed in go.com. It allows its users to have individual web pages and provides entertainment news from all over the world. This website is used as a hub for other sites that are related to the Disney Company. The Go Network has been on the forefront in promoting the sites that it supports. Contrary to the belief of many users, go.com is still operational but no longer operates email accounts. This website offers news and gossip on everything from politics to entertainment. www.snopes.com This website is known for its variety in urban legends and internet rumors. David and Barbara Mikkelson are the brains behind the site that receives more than 250,000 visits everyday. Users and contributors post their stories and pictures on the message board for veracity before their stories are made available to other users. The stories that are features on this website are divided into different categories from business, food, movies, humor, embarrassments, etc. the site also provides newsletters to its registered users. Summary The internet rumor talks about the gender of Lady Gaga, a famous pop musician. A video was reported to show her ‘male’ genitalia and the singer has allegedly said that she possesses both the female and male genitalia but that she considers herself a female. This sparked different reaction from her fans. Most of them believed the rumor to be true while a small percentage of them thought it was a malicious rumor started to ruin her reputation. Her management team refutes those allegations as ridiculous. During an interview, Lady Gaga admitted that she was aware of the rumors and said that they were untrue. Internet Rumor This story is an internet rumor because it was started and spread on the internet. Internet rumors are alleged stories without confirmed veracity. Rumors are conveyed through word of mouth. Because of technological advancements, it has become more effective and efficient to transmit rumors through the internet therefore reaching more people. The mentioned story was spread in internet websites such as www.snopes.com, www.go.com and www.about.com. All are popular sites for information on different people and situations. Rumors are also endowed with information about people, events or circumstances. In the selected story, Lady Gaga is alleged to be hermaphrodite. This information was formulated and spread through the internet. Rumors are said to portray the poignant desires of the community. This means that rumors help to feed the undying ‘need to know’ hunger of the community. Lady Gaga’s story fed into the suspicions of most of her fans and the fact that people nev er tire of reading about their favorite celebrities. The appeal of the story plays on our hopes and dreams. As human beings, we constantly worry about our physical appearances and our futures. We are always hoping for the best out of life. The fan base that Lady Gaga had created is obviously shaken by this story about her being a hermaphrodite. This is because she is considered an icon among her fans and the thought that she could be both male and female crashes the hopes and dreams of some of her fans. Those who look up to her feel betrayed by the story because they probably had dreams and hopes of meeting her in their lifetime. The story therefore appeals to people to have realistic hopes and dreams. It is very creative story as it involves someone that is already famous, Lady Gaga, thereby drawing the attention of its readers. The details of the story and the pictures also portray the creative level of its creators. The use of her quoted words in the story makes it almost believable to the readers. The writer also incorporated her sexuality in the story to awaken the readers’ curiosity and capture their attention, which worked quite well, judging by the number of visitors to the sites that contain the story. People are passing the story along because it is interesting, refreshing and entertaining. The facts that the subject of the story is a celebrity makes more people want to read and pass it along to heir friends and family. The story’s authenticity does not matter, only its entertainment factors hence its continued popularity. Reference Emery, David (august 10, 2009). Is Lady Gaga a Man? A Woman? A Hermaphrodite? Retrieved from http://urbanlegends.about.com/b/2009/08/10/lady-gaga-a-man-urban-legend.htm Mikkelson, Barbara (31 January 2010). Bluffin’ with her muffin? Retrieved from http://www.snopes.com/music/artists/ladygaga.asp Marikar, Sheila (august 17, 2009). Lady Gaga Goes Nude, Stands Up for Gays. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=8345070#.UAVwpZEeAwo

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Ecology

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Ecology Linguistic ecology is the study of languages in relation to one another and to various social factors. Also known as  language ecology or ecolinguistics. This branch of linguistics was pioneered by Professor Einar Haugen in his book The Ecology of Language (Stanford University Press, 1972). Haugen defined language ecology as the study of interactions between any given language and its environment. Examples and Observations The term language ecology, like language family, is a metaphor derived from the study of living beings. The view that one can study languages as one studies the interrelationship of organisms with and within their environments presupposes a number of subsidiary metaphors and assumptions, most notably that languages can be regarded as entities, that they can be located in time and space and that the ecology of languages is at least in part different from that of their speakers. . . .The ecological metaphor in my view is action oriented. It shifts the attention from linguists being players of academic language games to becoming shop stewards for linguistic diversity, and to addressing moral, economic and other non-linguistic issues.(Peter Mà ¼hlhusler, Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region. Routledge, 1996)Language is not an object that can be considered in isolation, and communication does not simply occur by means of sequences of sounds . . . . Language . . . is a social practice within social life, one practice among others, inseparable from its environment. . . .The basic idea is thus that the practices which constitute languages, on the one hand, and their environment, on the other, form an ecolinguistic system, in which languages multiply, interbreed, vary, influence each other mutually, compete or converge. This system is in interrelation with the environment. At every moment language is subject to external stimuli to which it adapts. Regulation, which I will define as the reaction to an external stimulus by an internal change which tends to neutralize its effects, is thus a response to the environment. This response is first and foremost the mere addition of individual responses- variants that, over time, lead to the selection of certain forms, certain characteristics. In other words, there is a selective action of the environment on the evolution of language . . ..(Louis Jean Calvet, Towards an Ecology of Wo rld Languages, translated by Andrew Brown. Polity Press, 2006) The biological analogy may be the most pertinent- linguistic ecology is now a recognized field of study, not just a figure of speech. What dialects are to languages, subspecies are to species. Chainsaws and invaders menace them indiscriminately. . . .What the survival of threatened languages means, perhaps, is the endurance of dozens, hundreds, thousands of subtly different notions of truth. With our astonishing powers of technology, its easy for us in the West to believe we have all the answers. Perhaps we doto the questions, we have asked. But what if some questions elude our capacity to ask? What if certain ideas cannot be fully articulated in our words? There are amazing things about Aboriginal languages, Michael Christie told me when I visited his office at Northern Territory University in Darwin. Their concepts of time and agency, for example. They go right against our ideology of linear time- past, present, and future. I reckon theyd completely revolutionize Western philosophy , if only we knew more about them.(Mark Abley, Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages. Houghton Mifflin, 2003) Also see: CodificationLanguage ChangeLanguage DeathLanguage PlanningLanguage StandardizationLinguistic AnthropologyLinguistic ImperialismLinguistic TypologySociolinguistics

ICJ case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ICJ case - Assignment Example The Security Council can only seek the ICJ’s opinion regarding a certain case or decision (Angehr, 1017). This means that Abrocanto’s idea of demonstrating that the ICJ has a right of review is nullified. Ralivia is right since the Security Council has already passed the required resolutions on the matter. ICJ has the same rights as the Security Council and can only provide possible opinions, but only if the opinion is requested by the Security Council (Schweigman). Concerning the review over the Security Council’s actions in general, the role of ICJ in exercising review over the actions of the Security Council has remained unclear for many years. The has been initiated by the need of ICJ to rule according to international law on those disputes treated in the political process of the General Assembly and Security Council (Matheson). Essentially, the ICJ should hardly the roles of the other UN political organs in the course of maintaining international security. Being the principle organ of the UN according to article 92 does not make it to have absolute right over the other organs. The actions of the Security Council are thus independent of the ICJ (Schweigman, 31). Regarding matters of international peace and security in particular, the ICJ has the right to review the actions of the Security Council. The question of ICJ review of the Security Council regarding international matters can be established through the Lockerbie case 1, which was before the International Court of Justice for more than a decade (Angehr, 1007). The case dismissal in 2003 without any decision raised questions about judicial review regarding the UN major political organs and the decisions made. The review of the Security Council by the ICJ was the main agenda. The Security Council had sought a resolution urging Libya to turn over the required

Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Church and State - Essay Example One of the most imperative objectives behind exploring the topic above-mentioned includes seeking the answer to the question whether or not there appears any need for the formulating of the new phase of relations between the church and state in the best interests of the masses at large. Hence, the present paper will provide an insightful outlook of the topic under-examination by seeking support from the works created by the scholars. The fast and continuous alterations being witnessed in the contemporary era all over the world have forced the thinkers and political and social scientists to re-determine and review the role of church or institution of religion in order to avoid and escape the extremism that appears to be challenging the peace and harmony of the social establishments on the one side, and adding their share in widening the gulf of hatred and conflict among the cultures following the divergent religious belief systems within their respective political jurisdictions on the other during the contemporary era. Consequently, the world looks reflecting the scenario of chaos and disorder even after the advent of marvelous scientific and technological advancements making the life peaceful, comfortable and luxurious one in general. There was a time when the entire Europe used to be submitting to the decrees issued by the church. The establishment of the Holy Roman Empire was also the outcome of the dominance i nfluence of church on state and all its institutions. While elaborating the position of church and state in his remarkable â€Å"The Prince†, distinguished Italian philosopher Machiavelli strongly demands the separation of church from the political affairs of government and state (2010, p.45). It is partly due to the very reality that the ecclesiastical principalities or religious rules are unable to cope with the historical patterns altogether. Since the church lays stress upon specific mode of worship as well as leading the life in a standardized manner, the same could not be observed practically in any region of the entire globe. One of the most dominant reasons behind the same is this that the people belonging to divergent faiths, factions and sects co-exist in one and the same socio-political establishment; and if the (Catholic) church representing just one faction of one single faith looks for the masses’ strict observing of the Catholic code of laws, there will be bright probabilities of conflict and clashes in society, leading to anarchical state of affairs in the country subsequently. Rousseau refutes the implementation of religious and social laws by stating that man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains (2008, p.15). Hence, he does not appear to be surrendering before the heavy burdens of laws, which challenge the human liberty in one way or the other. Taking the precedent of the contemporary era rigid orthodox states of Afghanistan and Pakistan, it becomes evident that the nefarious extremist deoband sect of Muslims has made the life of the non-Muslim and peaceful Shiite Muslims miserable and pathetic one by inflicting pains and sufferings upon them with the aim of forcing them to adopt their religious policies and ways at any cost. Such a condemnable religious prejudice has destroyed the efficiency of the political institution on the one side, and has caused the ruination of social fabrics on the other. It is therefore, Machi avelli’s arguments (2010, pp. 47-8) with regards to separation of church and state still carry weight even nearly five centuries after its first publication in 1532. In addition to this, the undue and unnecessary

Has the auditor lost its relevance as a profession Literature review

Has the auditor lost its relevance as a profession - Literature review Example The secondary data sources have been used to study the previous studies and the empirical literature on the incompetency of the auditors and the adverse consequences faced the public due to their irresponsible activities. The literature review then assesses the justification of the expenses incurred for the purpose of auditing and the value that has been added as a result of auditing activities. The questions asked on the relevance of auditing function, mainstream and the alternative viewpoints on the topic have been reviewed. The recommendations on the ways of adding relevance to the auditing profession have also been included in this study. Historical background The auditors and their functions of auditing have never in such a limelight as ever before. The occurrence of the global financial crisis has raised concerns in the US, UK, Belgium, Singapore and in many other countries of the effectiveness of the auditing profession in the industry. The economic debacle exposed the ineffic iencies in the auditing practices conducted by the auditors. The US Senate, parliaments in different countries of Europe have started to relook into exploring a new model for auditing practices as its was felt that the auditors and their profession of auditing has lost its relevance in streamlining the business records, identifying the gaps and loophole and help the business to keep fair and transparent financial records for public disclosure. Several companies in the past have been involved in the financial scams where there balance sheets and financial statements have been inflated and thereby misled the investors about the true financial status of the companies. For example, Enron has been earmarked as the biggest audit failure in the history when they showed poor standards in auditing of financial statements mainly due to the mal intentions of their board of directors that led to the incorrect disclosure of financial statements to its shareholders. The eventual fall of performan ce of Enron brought out the truth and finally Enron Corporation went bankrupt. The impacts of failure of auditing were hugely felt during the global financial crisis. The accountability for lack of transparency in the financial statements was affixed to the auditors (Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011, p.525). Hence, the costs incurred and the time and energy spent in the profession of auditing were felt as unnecessary burdens with the advent of control technologies and automated systems to streamline the financial records and information. Methodologies The methodologies adopted for carrying out the activities of auditing is important in establishing the relevance and effectiveness of the auditors. The auditors are the final check points of the financial information to be disclosed to the public after their certification. Thus the methodology adopted by them for evaluating the values of the assets and liabilities of the company in judging the correctness of the financial infor mation is very important. The auditors follow the method of going concern in assessing the value of the assets and liabilities of the companies. This raises the complications in the activities of the auditing profession. The method of going

Competing views of the entrepreneur

Competing views of the entrepreneur The term entrepreneur has become to have a broad definition over the years, with many authors debating over the types of characteristics that make up a person who can be classed as entrepreneurial. The word originally came from the French meaning one who takes between but over the years the term has developed with varying definitions from academic literature, the media and often people classed as entrepreneurs themselves, causing great difficulty in finding a universal definition. In the late 18th Century, Cantillion and Say from the French school of thought were amongst the first to recognise the role of the entrepreneur. Cantillion first defined entrepreneurs as a risk taker, buying at a certain price and selling at an uncertain price. (Cited in Blaug 1986:220) Jean-Baptiste Say backed this up by stating entrepreneurs are the pivot of the economy, a vehicle for economic change. Deakins and Freel (2009). In the years to come, further concepts of entrepreneurs were developed and argued amongst academics. By examining the differing opinions from a broad spectrum of authors since the role was first distinguished, through the years where the meaning has become diverse and arguments have surfaced over the true meaning of entrepreneurship, I hope to make clear whether the term is so unclear to render it worthless or find some way of giving it some true common definition in todays society. To investigate the varying opinions and definitions of the entrepreneur successfully, it is important to compare views on all aspects of being an entrepreneur. By Looking into how entrepreneurs have ideas for new ventures, the effects on the economy, the number of entrepreneurs and the types of ideas they have and ways they become entrepreneurial. As a starting point it seems all academics and speakers on the subject regard entrepreneurs as opportunity spotters Shapero A (1975) develops this further stating In almost all of the definitions, there is agreement that it includes initiative taking, organising and reorganising of social and economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical account and the acceptance of risk or failure Muzyka and Birley (2000:31) add to this idea stating No one should call themselves a successful entrepreneur until they have captured an opportunity. The basis of entrepreneurial debates is based around two main perspectives from contrasting authors of the Austrian school of thought; these include the Kirznerian perspective founded by Israel Kirzner and the Schumpeterian perspective introduced by Joseph Schumpeter. The origin of this long standing debate was around information and whether or not entrepreneurial opportunities were derived from new information (Schumpeter 1934) or access to previously inaccessible information. (Kirzner 1973) Kirzner explains how people use the information they possess to come to decisions about the best way of combining their resources in forming a good or service offering to a market. However if this combination of resources is not operating to full efficiency, there is potential to use a different combination of resources in order to make a greater profit. Gaglio and Katz (2001) consolidate this idea by explaining how entrepreneurial opportunities involve the creation or identification of new ends and means that have gone unnoticed by other market participants. However the conflicting Schumpeterian view focuses on new information, arguing that changes in technology, political forces, regulation, macro-economic factors and social trends create new information, used to create a new combination of resources to generate increased profits. (Schumpeter 1934). For example deregulation in the airline industry as Thompson (2004:301) explains when new airlines were allowed to fly into and out of Heathrow for the first time since 1977, it allowed access to new information for potential entrants to penetrate the market. Furthermore improvements in technological processes have led to entrepreneurial activity in the evolution of music players for example, from the audio cassette player through to the mass multimedia players of today, such as the IPod. Schultz (1975) argues that entrepreneurship is an equilibrating process, whereby situations of disequilibria caused by market participants not operating at maximum efficiency are dealt with by entrepreneurs acting on access to the necessary information to bring about equilibrium. Very much like Kirzner (1973) who both state that the entrepreneur reallocates resources using the most efficient method. However dissimilar to Kirzner, Schultz argues that the process takes time and equilibrium is often brought back about by trial and error or human resource investment. (Iversen et al 2008) Klein and Cook (2005:4) explained this in their research on the human capital approach to entrepreneurship, using farmers as an example of how they must deal with a sequence of many differing changes, especially in such an atomistic industry, making any adjustments much lengthier. In stark contrast to this approach, Schumpeter (1934) argued that entrepreneurship brings about the process of creative destruction, which Ellison (2002:136) defines as the dynamic disequilibrium wrought by the innovating entrepreneur, with his creative rather than adaptive responses to opportunities. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs disrupt the existing system by shifting production constraints and brining about new technology which puts an economy into disequilibrium. Swedburg (2000:46) further explains Schumpeters theory of entrepreneurship by stating that the entrepreneur puts together a new combination; combining already existing materials and thereby produces something novel and innovative. However Steyaert and Hjorth (2004) explained how Schumpeters Disequilibrium reflects the existence of informational asymmetry about new sources of profit potential meaning that certain groups of people might have access to information ahead of others which opens up opportunities. Knig ht (1921) argued that if change could be predicted producers could plan ahead and thereby efficiently eliminate any profit potential. As Mises (1949:297) develops this stating how, profit opportunities arise from changes unforeseen by the majority. Schumpeter (1934) used his creative destruction theory to proclaim the temporariness of the entrepreneur, he assumed that entrepreneurship was a temporary attribute to an individual, as a wave of creative destruction that displaced old methods resulted in brisk imitation by competitors. Parker (2004:41) explained how after creative destruction, ultimately stability would be restored and entrepreneurship would reach a temporary cessation before the next wave of creative destruction. McDaniel (2002) agreed with Schumpeters idea in that when a new product enters the market that is new and unique is gives the entrepreneur a temporary position as monopolist. Conversely Scranton (1993) puts forward the notion of serial entrepreneurs and there existence since the dawn of industrialisation. Serial entrepreneurs are those who constantly buy and sell businesses to stay entrepreneurial. Hall (1995) narrows this broad definition proposing how the individual owns one business after another but o nly own one at a time. This type of entrepreneur challenges Schumpeters temporary entrepreneur and suggests that individuals can be constantly entrepreneurial Theorists further debate the frequency of entrepreneurial opportunities and how and why individuals decide to go from employees to employers in an entrepreneurial manner. Chapman and Marquis (1912:293) were amongst the first to investigate employing classes being recruited from wage earning classes. Schumpeter (1961:102) argued that entrepreneurship was a rare occurrence, as it stems from innovation, the ability to carry out new combinations. However in contrast Kirzner (1979) explained how entrepreneurial acts were much more common. Aldrich (1999) agreed with Kirzners statement due to the fact that most opportunities are constructive to established ways, which links back to argument on entrepreneurship being an equilibrating or dis-equilibrating process. When an entrepreneur decides to exploit an opportunity, again there is no universal definition on their motives. Oxenfeldt (1943:109) points out that real entrepreneurs confine their adventures to lines of business that they were previously engaged in as an employer or employee. Knight (1921) agrees stating Those with prior experience in an industry as a customer or supplier often have a better understanding of how to meet demand conditions in that market place. However as Hamilton and Harper (1994) argue, this goes against the theoretical entrepreneur as omniscient, profit-orientated, opportunistic and versatile. Nonetheless as versatile as an entrepreneur might be, Baumol (1993) highlights that when people cannot fully know the full range of options facing them, the calculation of an optimum within a given set of constraints is impossible Mark Casson has tried to develop a modern theory of entrepreneurship, by fusing together entrepreneurial attributes and theories of many of the older authors. One major area of his work was in the supply of entrepreneurs. Casson (1982) distinguished between two groups of entrepreneurs, those who value their leisure at less than the prevailing real wage and those who value it more. He explains how the latter group have a strong chance of becoming an entrepreneur, if the returns of entrepreneurship rises above the real wage rate. Eisenhauers (1995) model of the decision to become an entrepreneur is very much like Cassons as it is also based on the expected utility derived from income and the working conditions of employment vs self-employment. However Casson (1982) stressed that any supply of entrepreneurs are qualified entrepreneurs who are defined as having access to the necessary resources in order to back their thought, such as wealth, contacts or the relevant financing in place, t herefore for Casson, entrepreneurship is much more of a resource, whereby firms or individuals with the capital can invest in individuals with entrepreneurial ability. A real life example of this would be the BBCs Dragons Den programme whereby successful entrepreneurs who have created multi-millionaire empires, invest their masses of capital, in smaller scale entrepreneurs looking for investment in their ideas. Kirzner (1973) has a differing opinion, he expresses that entrepreneurship is not a factor of production and entrepreneurial alertness is non deployable and costless, meaning that no resources are needed to detect entrepreneurial opportunities, he also discarded the use of supply and demand curves with entrepreneurs. As much as opportunities can be spotted, the supply of entrepreneurs to an economy depends on their willingness to act upon them. McClelland (1961) identified that a major factor in an individuals willingness to act was motivation and the need for it in achievement. When individuals decide to exploit opportunities, there are further debates between academics over the types of entrepreneur. Schumpeter had the stance that only certain, extraordinary individuals have the ability to be entrepreneurial, Hanusch and Pyka (2007:289) explained his point in that extraordinary effort required to work out a scheme of innovation, the need to escape from deeply embedded modes of thinking and acting and the task of inducing many other people to make changes. Marshall (1994) defined his entrepreneur as someone who had a thorough understanding of their industry and are natural leaders, claiming that very few can possess all of the skills required to be entrepreneurial to a high enough extent, very much like Schumpeters extraordinary person. However, unlike Schumpeter, Marshall (1994) implies that people can be taught to acquire the skills necessary to be an entrepreneur. Schumpeter (1934:85) goes on to describe his entrepreneur as rational, egotistical and self -centred to an extent that is peculiar and rare by nature. Barnes (2000:65) described this as an individual in setting in that this self centeredness is a disconnection from the constraints of tradition and habit that allow new combinations to commence. Dissimilarly to this is the view of Kirzner (1973) who thought that anybody can be an entrepreneur, since it presupposes no special initial good fortune in the form of valuable assets as the new entrepreneur is not protected at all. In todays society , many entrepreneurs agree with Kirzner, explaining how anyone can become an entrepreneur, one of Britains most popular entrepreneurs Duncan Bannatyne wrote an autobiography entitled Anyone can do it which highlights how he rose to success and makes references to how it is possible for others today. Knight (1921) states only that the entrepreneur is a risk taker meaning that the entrepreneur is prepared to take on an element of risk for the chance of a reward of profit, this being the revenue generated for taking on uncertainty. Knight developed his idea of the entrepreneur being a risk taker by clarifying the difference between risk and uncertainty. Risk being where differing outcomes can be forecasted to some degree with uncertainty being where outcomes cannot be envisaged. Brockhaus (1980b) disagreed with Knight, he could not see any difference between the risk taking levels of new entrepreneurs from those of managers or the general public. Schumpeter (1934) agreed and expressed that risk can just be part of business ownership and not an entrepreneurial attribute; he expressed how it was the lender of capital who was at risk rather than the entrepreneur. Although Hull et al (1980) found in their study that entrepreneurs have a greater tendency to take risks, with Palmer (1971 ) suggesting that the testing of entrepreneurs be directed most towards the measurement of an individuals perception and handling of a risk. Say (1803) also highlighted the notion of the entrepreneur taking risk in bringing different factors of production together, with Say (1803) being one of the first to regognise the role of the entrepreneur and the characteristic of being a risk taker still being used in literature today, this can be seen as a strong characteristic of any entrepreneur. George Shackle (1970) described the entrepreneur as creative and imaginative. Rickets (2002) developed this idea stating that the imaginative idea comes from the exercise of developing alternative future states of affairs. Shackles View (1970) centralises on the role of uncertainty and how the imaginative entrepreneur can visualise how best to arrange resources in a changing uncertain world. In other words uncertainty gives rise to opportunities. Shackles work was based around Cantillions early ideas of entrepreneurship being buying at a certain price and selling at an uncertain price. However Earl (2003:68) strongly criticised Shackles ideas stating how this creativeness that he emphasises should be more focused to the work of Schumpeter who brought about creative destruction and the idea of the entrepreneur being extra-ordinary and special as appose to the intermediary idea of authors such as Cantillion and Kirzner. One of the main areas of debate between academics is over the type of act that can be classed as entrepreneurial. Schumpeter (1934) is strongly remembered for his theory of the entrepreneur being an innovator, this relates to the ideas discussed before regarding Schumpeters (1934) entrepreneur shifting production constraints and bringing about new processes and technologies, he defined entrepreneurs as the creators of change in the sense that they have a vision and the urge to be successful in achieving it. An example of this could be James Dyson who produced the worlds first bag-less vacuum cleaner which in tern rendered the Hoover almost worthless. Fagerburg and Mowery (2005) made an important distinction between invention and innovation, invention being the first occurrence of an idea, with innovation being the first attempt to carry it out into practice. Edquist (1997) defined technical innovations as the introduction of new knowledge or new combinations of existing knowledge int o the economy, from this Sternburg (2000) highlighted the importance of innovation, supporting Schumpeters idea of the innovating entrepreneur, with his stance of business growth stemming from the companys ability to constantly innovate. Drucker (1985) like Schumpeter also, agues that innovation is the tool of entrepreneurs, however he goes on, that entrepreneurship is also about improving total quality and adding value. An example of this being the McDonalds chain, in that they did not create anything new when the business began in 1940, offering the same as many American restaurants at the time. However through the application of management concepts, most notably their Speedy service system which added value and created a new industry as such, to Drucker (1985), this is entrepreneurship. Kirzner (1973) had very different views on the roles of his entrepreneur in that he believed they were alert to profitable opportunities for exchange. His idea of the entrepreneur was one of an intermediary in a supply chain, in other words a middle man between individuals. As previously mentioned the Kirznerian (1973) entrepreneur seeks imbalances in the market and aims to eradicate them with their entrepreneurial action. An example of a Kirznerian entrepreneurial action was the launch of Accommodationforstudents.com, founded by two students in 2000, who noticed imbalances in the market place through the personal difficulties they had in finding accommodation throughout their studies. This validates Marshalls (1994) theory that having a thorough understanding of the industry is necessary to entrepreneurial success. Kirzner (1978) explained how his ideas were often based around those of Ludwig Von Mises after being his assistant for some years. Mises (1951) explains how profit emerge s from the entrepreneur that can judge the future prices of products more than others do and therefore buy any factors of production at low prices before they increase. It is also alleged that this activity takes place within an economy with limited resources and production confines. This can be illustrated using the production possibility frontier below. Kirzner (1973) argues that activities take place within the curve and his entrepreneur pushes activities to their maximum to reach the edge. Yet Schumpeter (1934) suggests that the entrepreneur pushes the curve outwards with the introduction of new technologies and methods as production possibilities in the economy therefore increase. An example of this in action could be the now ever mainstream use of the internet in business operations, over the past ten years this has allowed mass expansion of business operations with companies being able to operate in global markets. Landstrom (2005:15) Knights (1921) theory on risk and uncertainty being part of the entrepreneurial personality inspired other academics to investigate entrepreneurship from small firm management. Deakins and Freel (2009) use Knights assumptions of an entrepreneur being responsible for ones own actions, to make the proposition that managers who assume this responsibility are consequently performing entrepreneurial functions. However Shailer (1994:34) states how managers do not necessarily fit any of the current popular definitions of entrepreneur and concludes that whilst 90% of owner managers are obliged to fill the role as capitalist, only 20-40% will act as entrepreneurs under common definitions. Abundant amounts of research has been carried out between so called managers and entrepreneurs, a study by Miner et al (1989) found that entrepreneurs scored significantly higher on self-achievement than managers. Furthermore Mill (1848) appeared to believe that the inclusion of risk bearing distinguished th e term entrepreneur from manager, Shackle (1955) approved and highlighted the uncertainty element of the entrepreneurial process. One example of this might be in terms of wages, an employed manager of a firm is guaranteed a wage, whereas entrepreneurs have the uncertainty of their businesses performance. Ricketts (2002:80) comments on how once a venture is established, the scope for entrepreneurship does not cease, as continuous change in the economy requires adaptation by the firm, which results in the need for some entrepreneurial talent; Meaning that entrepreneurship can emerge from within companies. Galbraith (1967) introduced the concept of large firms being more successful than small firms in technology based industries, Schumpeters (1934) theory developed on this theme, with his notion of entrepreneurs emerging from within businesses, initiating change from inside a firm. He called these individuals Intrapreneurs. His idea was based on the fact that larger organisations have better infrastructure in place; established research and development facilities, high levels of available finance, connections with stakeholders of the business and the companies experiences. This idea was supported by Wu (1989) who described the firm as a collection of entrepreneurs. However drawbacks of the Intrapreneur can also exist, by transferring some power, to unproven individuals could perhaps be risky and put your reputation at threat also successful intrapreneurs may very well demand larger proportions of profit if they see their ideas taking off successfully. (Virtual Advisor 2009). An example of intrapreneurship having problems occurred at Xeron, whereby employees working on an idea were discarded when they suggested new software. The employees went on to develop this and created Adobe, one of the most popular digital post-script readers. Although at Google, employees are given 20% of their time to come up with new ideas which as resulted in services such as Gmail and Adsense, rendering the scheme a success. http://sgentrepreneurs.com/events/2009/01/24/after-ceo-unplugged-intrapreneurship-at-nus-entrepreneurship-week/ Miner et al (1989) and other authors views on managers and entrepreneurs http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0FxO_Wsh30kCpg=PA100dq=entrepreneurs+as+managers#v=onepageq=entrepreneurs%20as%20managersf=false http://www.jstor.org/pss/255515 RISK, PALMER AND MILL QUOTES Wu (1989) describes a firm as a coalition of entrepreneurs, which agrees a production policy, an organisational structure, and a rule for sharing the residual profits. (page 80 of Ricketts) Galbraith (1967) concept of large firms more successful that small firms in technology based industries, however this concept is more associated with Schumpeter Schumpeter argued that there were 5 sources of entrepreneurial change: 1) The introduction of a new or improved good 2) The introduction of a new method of production 3) The opening of a new market 4) The exploitation of a new source of supply 5) The re-organisation of business management processes. (1934) DYSON: Schumpeterian Following Audretsch (2002), we argue that the absence of a generally accepted definition of entrepreneurship reflects that it is a multidimensional concept, involving aspects of uncertainty-bearing, innovation, opportunity-seeking, management and enterprising individuals. Main thoughts References Aldrich H E (1999) Organisations evolving, London: Sage Barnes B (2000) Understanding agency, London: Sage. Page 65 Baumol W J (1993) Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Payoffs, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Blaug M (1986) Entrepreneurship before and after Schumpeter, in economic History and the History of economics. New York: New York University Press. Pages 219-30 Brockhaus R H (1980b) Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs, Academy of management journal, 23,3, 509-20 Casson M (1982) The Entrepreneur, Oxford: Martin Robertson and co. Chapman S J and Marquis F J (1912:293) The recruiting of the employing class from the ranks of the wage earners in the Cotton Industry, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol 75 No 3 pp293-313 Deakins and Freel (2009) Entrepreneurship and Small Firms, 5th edition, Berkshire: Mcgraw-Hill. Drucker P F (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship, New York: Harper and Row. Earl P E (2003) Information, Opportunism and economic coordination, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Page 68 Edquist C (1997), Systems of Innovation Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, London: Pinter Eisenhauer J (1995) The Entrepreneurial Decision: Economic theory and empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 19(4), 67-79 Ellison A P (2002) Entrepreneurs and the transformation of the global economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elder publishing Limited. Page 136 Fagerburg J and Mowery D (2005), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford : Oxford University Press Gaglio C and Katz J (2001) The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertness. Small Business economics, 16, 95-11 Galbraith J K (1967) The New Industrial State, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Hall, P. (1995) Habitual owners of small businesses, Small Firms Partnership for Growth, London: Paul Chapman, pp. 217-230 Hamilton R T and Harper D A (1994) The Entrepreneur in theory and practice, Journal of economic studies, 21(6) pp 3-18 Hanusch and Pyka (2007) Elgar comparison to neo-Schumpeterian economics, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. Page 289 Hull D, Bosley, J and Udell, G (1980). Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: Identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics. Journal of Small Business, 18, 11-18. Iversen J R Jorgensen Nikolaj Malchow-Moller (2008) http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/171539783_2.html Kirzner I (1973) Competition and Entrepreneurship, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner (1978) The Economic Point of View: An Essay in the History of Economic Thought, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kirzner I (1979) Perception, Opportunity and profit, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Knight F (1921) Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Klein P and Cook M (2005) T.W Schultz and the Human Capital Approach to Entrepreneurship, Division of applied Social Sciences. Available from: http://web.missouri.edu/~kleinp/papers/06011.pdf. [Accessed 21st November 2009] Landstrom H (2005) Pioneers in entrepreneurship and small business research, USA: Springer. Marshall A (1994) Principles of Economics, Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 248-250. McClelland D C (1961) The Achieving Society, D Van Nostrand co, Princeton NJ McDaniel (2002) Entrepreneurship and Innovation; An economic Approach, United Kingdom: M E Sharpe. Mill J S (1848) Principles of Political Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Milner J, Smith N and Bracker J (1989) Role of entrepreneurial task motivation in the growth of technologically innovative firms, Journal of applied psychology, 74 (4), 554-60 Mises (1949) Human action: A treatise on Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press. Page 297 Mises L V (1951) Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, New Haven: Yale University Press. Muzyka D and Birley S (2000) Mastering Entrepreneurship, 2nd edition, United Kingdom: Pearson Education. Page 31 Oxenfeldt A R (1943:109) New firms and Free Enterprise: Pre War and Post War Aspects, Washington: American council on public affairs. Palmer M (1971) The Application of Psychological Testing to Entrepreneurial Potential, California Management Review 13, 32-38. Parker S (2004) The economics of self employment and entrepreneurship, England: Cambridge University press. Page 41 Ricketts (2002) The Economics of Business Enterprise: An Introduction to Economic organisation and the theory of the firm, third edition. Page 80 Say (1803) A Treatise on Political Economy, or the production, distribution and consumption of wealth, New Jersey: Transaction publishing. Schumpeter J (1934) The theory of economic development. New York: Oxford University Press Schumpeter, J. (1961). Theory of Economic Development.Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Page 102 Scranton P (1993) Build a firm, start another: The Bromleys and family firm entrepreneurship in the Philadelphia region, Business History. Shackle (1955) Shailer G (1994) Capitalists and entrepreneurs in owner managed firms, International small business journal, Vol 12, no 3, pp 33-41 Shapero A (1975), The Displaced, Uncomfortable Entrepreneur, Psychology Today, Vol. 9 pp.83 133 Sternburg R (2000) Innovation networks and regional development evidence from the European regional innovation survey (ERIS): Theoretical concepts, methodological approach, Empirical basis and introduction to the theme issue, European theme issue, European planning studies, Vol 8, pp389-407 Steyaert C and Hjorth D (2004) New Movements in entrepreneurship, United States: Edward Elgar publishing. Swedburg (2000) Entrepreneurial: The social Science View, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thompson J L (2004) Strategic Management, 4th edition, London: Thomson Publishing. Page 301 Virtual Advisor (2009) Fostering Intrapreneurial Ideas, Available from: http://www.va-interactive.com/inbusiness/editorial/bizdev/ibt/intrapre.html#6, [Accessed 8th December 2009] Wu (1989) Bibliography Bannatyne D (2009) Anyone can do it, London: Orion Publishing Group. McDonalds (2009) Our History, Available from: Historyhttp://aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcd_history.html, [Accessed 2nd December 2009] SG Entrepreneurs (2009) After CEO Unplugged-Intrapreneur at NUS Entrepreneurship Week, Available from: http://sgentrepreneurs.com/events/2009/01/24/after-ceo-unplugged-intrapreneurship-at-nus-entrepreneurship-week/. [Accessed 8th December 2009]

The Effects Of Video Game Violence On Human Aggression Essay -- Violen

Throughout a number of recent studies, participants playing violent video games have consistently shown increases in their aggressive behavior, both during and after the gameplay. A study that linked violent video games to child aggression found that in every group they tested, â€Å"Children who were exposed to more video game violence did become more aggressive over time than their peers who had less exposure† (Harding 1). An increase in aggressive behavior after playing violent video games is quite common in most cases, although many gamers would argue that other factors, such as people’s emotions, cause this negative change in behavior. This reveals numerous questions surrounding the effects that video game violence might have on a person. â€Å"Will a high degree of violent content in a video game mean that the frequent user will exhibit a greater degree of aggression and violent towards others in their daily lives?† (Janushewski & Truong 1). †Å"Playing violent video games not only causes an increase in antisocial behavior but also leads to a decrease in prosocial behavior† (Greitemeyer, Osswald 212). â€Å"Aggressive behavior is defined as intentional behavior produced to cause physical harm or humiliation to another person who wishes to avoid the harm (Baron & Richardson, 1994). Social science has come to understand aggression as mainly socially learned (Bandura, 1965; Bandura Ross, & Ross, 1961)† (Ferguson 70). â€Å"Anderson et al. (2010) found that video game violence can cause a significant increase in aggressive behavior in the short run, after playing a game once, and in the long run, after consistently playing† (Rowell 180). Increased behavioral aggression in the short run due to video game violence appears to be inevitable, ... ... 6, 2011, from http://articles.cnn.com/2008-11-03/health/healthmag.violent.video.kids_1_violent-video-video-games-game-genres/2?_s=PM:HEALTH Janushewski, D, Truong, M. (1999). Video games and violence. Socserv.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from . Jeroen, L, M.Sc., J., Bushman, &, A. Konijn. (2006). Rapid communication: The appeal of violent video games to lower educated aggressive adolescent boys from two countries. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(5), 638-641. Rowell, H. (2010). Nailing the coffin shut on doubts that violent video games stimulate aggression: Comments on Anderson et al. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 179-181. Williams, K. (2005). The effects of frustration, violence, and trait hostility after playing a video game. Mass Communication and Society, 12, 291-310.

Understanding the US Homeland Security

On June 2002, President George Bush proposed to create the Department of Homeland Security – a move considered to be the most significant transformation of the US government whereby a single department has been tasked to protect America’s homeland from terrorist attacks. As noted in the Department’s website, the vision of the organization is to preserve the freedom of the United States and its homeland. Its mission is to lead the unified national effort to secure America. It has aimed to prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the US. Furthermore, the organization has vowed, as part of its mission, to safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors, and to promote the free flow of commerce. (US Department of Homeland Security website, 2002) The organizational structure of the Department of Homeland Security has several components which involve resources within Federal, state and local governments. The following are the directorates and their components: Directorate for Preparedness, Directorate for Science and Technology, Directorate for Management, Office of Intelligence and Analysis, Office of Operations Coordination, Directorate for Policy, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office. The Directorate for Preparedness works with state, local, and private sector partners to identify threats, determine vulnerabilities, and target resources where risk is greatest, thereby safeguarding our borders, seaports, bridges and highways, and critical information systems. The Office of the Directorate for Science and Technology is the primary research and development arm of the Department. Â  It provides Federal, state and local officials with the technology and capabilities to protect the homeland. The Directorate for Management is responsible for Department budgets and appropriations, expenditure of funds, accounting and finance, procurement; human resources, information technology systems, facilities and equipment, and the identification and tracking of performance measurements. Finally, the Directorate for Policy works to enhance the nuclear detection efforts of Federal, State, territorial, tribal, and local governments, and the private sector and to ensure a coordinated response to such threats. (US Department of Homeland Security website, 2002) Aside from the Offices of the Directorates, the US Homeland Department also has independent organizations including the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Customs and Borders Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Citizenship and Immigration Services, the US Coast Guard, and the US Secret Service. The functions and main responsibilities of these agencies are as follows: FEMA prepares the nation for hazards, manages Federal response and recovery efforts following any national incident, and administers the National Flood Insurance Program. TSA protects the nation's transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. Customs and Borders Protection is responsible for protecting America’s borders in order to prevent terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States, while facilitating the flow of legitimate trade and travel. ICE is responsible for identifying and shutting down vulnerabilities in the nation’s border, economic, transportation and infrastructure security. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center provides career-long training to law enforcement professionals to help them fulfill their responsibilities safely and proficiently. Citizenship and Immigration Services is responsible for the administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions and establishing immigration services policies and priorities. The US Coast Guard protects the public, the environment, and U.S. economic interests—in the nation’s ports and waterways, along the coast, on international waters, or in any maritime region as required to support national security. (US Department of Homeland Security website, 2002) Conclusion and analysis The aftermath of 9/11 has made America more conscious of its homeland security. And rightfully, it is so. The loss of innocent lives and the repercussions it made to the economy of the United States will serve as a reminder that we have to be on vigilant on the evil motives of some countries. The current structure of the US Department of Homeland Security has so far proven itself effective in carrying out its primary task of protecting America and its citizens against any threat to the nation’s freedom and independence. After carefully identifying and studying the organization chart of the Department of Homeland Security, I am of the opinion that everything has been placed exactly where they should be. Obviously, the move to cluster all agencies related to security and the protection of America’s homeland was carefully thought out. So far, the issue on security and preparedness in terms of calamities, whether natural or otherwise, has been properly addressed by this Department. Since America has not yet experienced another 9/11, it would seem to me that the Department of Homeland Security has been doing its job perfectly. References: The US Department of Homeland Security [online] Available at: http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/ Cited on: April 30, 2006 The White House [online] Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/index.html Cited on: April 30, 2006 ;

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks

7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks 7 Examples of Incorrect Punctuation with Quotation Marks By Mark Nichol This post points out common errors committed when reporting what has been said or written. Each example is followed by a discussion of the problem and a revision that provides a solution. 1. She pointed out that, â€Å"Speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.† The quotation, in isolation, is a complete sentence and is properly capitalized. But when dropped into a sentence, as in the example above, it becomes part of the sentence, just as if it were a paraphrase (â€Å"She pointed out that speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.†) Therefore, a full-sentence quotation integrated into a full sentence like this is demoted and no longer merits capitalization- nor should it be preceded by a comma, because â€Å"she pointed out that† is not an attribution (see the example below pertaining to attribution), because it includes the transitional term that, which is essentially redundant to a comma: â€Å"She pointed out that ‘speed matters - the faster an organization learns, the faster it evolves.’† 2. â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused,† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. Similarly, when a quotation is integrated into a sentence at the head of a sentence, omit a comma at the end of the quotation unless it is necessary for the sentence’s grammatical structure: â€Å"On the outside, he’s a warrior, but on the inside, he’s controlled and focused† is how one of John Smith’s teammates described him to us. (In the sentence â€Å"She assured us that ‘he is normally very well behaved,’ as if that had anything to do with it,† the comma correctly separates the main clause from the subordinate clause.) 3. Jones screamed â€Å"help me† and â€Å"you’re assaulting me† as the detective forced her into an unmarked car. Quotations that follow an attribution- a phrase that identifies the speaker or writer and explicitly describes the character of the communication with a verb (such as said) and perhaps an adverb (such as â€Å"said sarcastically† or â€Å"said quietly†) or an adverbial phrase (such as â€Å"said as if to a child† or â€Å"said the other day†), are followed by a comma. In addition, when the quotation is a complete sentence, it should be capitalized: â€Å"Jones screamed, ‘Help me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (And, as further edited, an exclamation point should be included when a quotation is described as being delivered with volume or passion, just as a question mark is necessary when asking a question.) If the attribution pertains to more than one quotation, the quotations are treated as a compound phrase (using the generic structure â€Å"[this] and [that]†) and thus an additional comma, after and, is not required: â€Å"Smith screamed, ‘Help me!’ and ‘You’re assaulting me!’ as the detective forced her into an unmarked car.† (Here, unlike in the previous example, punctuation following the quotation is valid because like question marks, exclamation points, which are otherwise interchangeable with commas, provide contextual information that commas do not.) (This post about attribution and quotations is one of many at DailyWritingTips.com that discuss the topics; search the site using the keywords â€Å"attribution† and â€Å"quotations† for more information.) 4. His next comment chilled me, â€Å"We will be watching everything you do.† When what appears to be an attribution is self-contained- structured as a complete thought- the quotation should be set off from the phrase by a colon rather than a comma: â€Å"His next comment chilled me: ‘We will be watching everything you do.’† 5. I heard someone utter the words, â€Å"I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.† When a quotation is preceded by a phrase that provides context but is not a formal attribution, no punctuation should precede it: â€Å"I heard someone utter the words ‘I’m sorry, but I can’t help you.’† (This error implies that those words are the only words; see the next example for more details.) 6. In this issue, we explore the question, â€Å"Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?† The inclusion of a comma here incorrectly implies that a reference has been made in a previous sentence to a specific question, which is explicitly reproduced in this sentence; the resulting implication is that only one question exists, and this is it. But here, â€Å"the question† and the quotation that constitutes the question are appositives- two ways to describe an idea (here, a generic description of a thing- a question- and a specific reproduction of the thing)- and should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"In this issue, we explore the question ‘Are companies curious enough to really understand all aspects of their corporate culture?’ 7. How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say I’m not going to reheat this. You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† In this passage, â€Å"I’m not going to reheat this† is a conjectural statement the writer is proposing that reader might say at some point. Even though the reader may not actually speak it or write it, the writer should style it as a quotation- and treat you have to say as an attribution: â€Å"How many times do you want to reheat your leftovers? At some point, you have to say, ‘I’m not going to reheat this.’ You’ve microwaved it six times, and it’s no longer food.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowHow Many Sentences in a Paragraph?